Types of Operating Systems

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Types of Operating Systems: Some of the widely used operating systems are as follows:

1. Batch Operating System –
　　　　This type of operating system do not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same requirement and group them into batches. It is the responsibility of operator to sort the jobs with similar needs.

　　　　By the early 1950's, the General Motors Research Laboratories implemented the first Single-Stream batch processing systems. It ran a single job at a time and data were submitted in the form of groups or batches.

　　　　Batch Operating System: 
The First operating system of the second-generation computer is the batch operating system. Batch operating system took the input on the punch card.

Each punch card had the different form of data. System executed the jobs one by one in batch.

When one job from the batch executed, then the second job has taken from it and so on.

The process of placing the jobs in queue for execution is known as spooling.

The First operating system of the second-generation computer is the batch operating system. Batch operating system took the input on the punch card.

Each punch card had the different form of data. System executed the jobs one by one in batch.

When one job from the batch executed, then the second job has taken from it and so on.

The process of placing the jobs in queue for execution is known as spooling.

　　　　

Batch Operating System-How its work: 

OS keeps the number of jobs in memory and executes them one by one. Jobs processed in first come first served order.

Each set of a job considered as a batch. When a job completes its execution, its memory is released, and the output for the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or processing.

User interaction in the batch processing system is minimal. One’s system accepts the jobs from users, and then the user is free. That is why we can use batch processing system in large organizations in these days.
　　　　

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

1) Same jobs in the batch are higher executed speed.

2) A process is complete its execution, next job from job spool get executed without any user interaction.

3) CPU utilization gets improved.

4) To speed up the processing speed, 

Disadvantages:

1) Difficult to debug.

2) If a job gets to enter in an infinite loop, other jobs wait for unknown time.

3) Batch systems are costly.

Time-Sharing Operating Systems 

Each task has given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly. 

Each user gets time of CPU as they use single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. 

The task can be from single user or from different users also. 

The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task. (RR sche.....)

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

Each task gets an equal opportunity

Less chances of duplication of software

CPU idle time can be reduced

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:

Reliability problem

One must have to take care of security and integrity of user programs and data

Data communication problem

Distributed Operating System 

Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate each other using a shared communication network. 

Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. 

(These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all-over the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. )

These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These systems processors differ in sizes and functions. 

The major benefit of working with these types of operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his system but on some other system connected within this network 

i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.(Cloud Computing)

Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent from each other

 computation is highly fast and durable

Load on host computer reduces

These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network

Delay in data processing reduces

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:

Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication

To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not well defined yet

These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. 

Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet

Network Operating System 

These systems runs on a server and provides the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. 

These type of operating systems allows shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. 

One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual connections etc., 

and that’s why these computers are poularly known as tightly coupled systems.

Loosely coupled and  tightly coupled systems

The key difference between loosely coupled and tightly coupled system is that loosely coupled system has distributed memory, whereas, the tightly coupled system has shared memory. 

Loosely coupled is efficient when the tasks running on different processors has minimal interaction between them

Advantages of Network Operating System:

Highly stable centralized servers

{Client /server}

Security concerns are handled through servers

New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated to the system

Server access are possible remotely from different locations and types of systems

Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

Servers are costly

User has to depend on central location for most operations

Maintenance and updates are required regularly

Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD etc.

 Real-Time Operating System 

These types of OSs serves the real-time systems.

The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.

Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots etc.

Embedded systems almost always run real-time operating systems.

Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
Hard Real-Time Systems:

These OSs are meant for the applications where time constraints are very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or air bags 

Virtual memory is almost never found in these systems.

Soft Real-Time Systems:

These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict.